Femininity in Homer’s Iliad Essay -- Iliad essays

Femininity in Homer’s Iliad In Homer’s Iliad, predominant feminine presence inspires the events of the poem and the destinies of the men involved. This feminine presence is not a product of the actions and decisions of the women in the poem, but rather a conceptual, creative feminine force without which the poem and even human life would not exist. Homer personifies this presence in nature and maintains it through the voice of the Muse, his inspiration. There is a deeper essence of a feminine presence in the poem, however, which lies in the characteristics of life itself. It is the woman who gives birth to the heroes and therefore she is the first to bring her child to life and to put him on the road to death. This biological phenomenon might seem superficially irrelevant to the fears and concerns of the masculine heroes who are most concerned with death, destiny and honor, the principle themes of the Iliad. These are of great importance to these heroes because these aspects of life will determine whethe r or not the world will remember them. Furthermore, as fame is their only path to immortality, the desire for fame after death motivates them to live honorably. It is the feminine role in nature that introduces the men to the life of the hero which instills this longing to be remembered after death, and it is, therefore, the feminine role in nature that gives purpose to human life. Homer acknowledges this effect and uses poetic devices to maintain a powerful presence of femininity throughout the poem. The feminine presence in the Iliad carries the poem like a pregnant woman carries a fetus in its final stages in the womb. Homer hints at this phenomenon through the many details of his poem that involve units of nine. As th... ...en will grow while another / dies† (6.146-149). Glaukos, the â€Å"shining son of Hippolochos,† (6. 145) makes this declaration in Book Six. The fact that Homer describes him as â€Å"the shining son of Hippolochos† indicates that his ancestors were virtuous and fortunate to have an honorable descendent to tell their stories to respectful listeners. Without a decent parentage and honorable descendents, a man’s fame will not survive his death. Men do not have the power to ensure that they will have children and grandchildren to continue their lineage; it is the woman who carries the child in her womb. A man can never be sure if his child is legitimately from his or another man’s blood line. This knowledge is a power that nature gave the woman, a power that no man can ever control. Work Cited Homer, Iliad, trans. Richard Lattimore New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1965. Femininity in Homer’s Iliad Essay -- Iliad essays Femininity in Homer’s Iliad In Homer’s Iliad, predominant feminine presence inspires the events of the poem and the destinies of the men involved. This feminine presence is not a product of the actions and decisions of the women in the poem, but rather a conceptual, creative feminine force without which the poem and even human life would not exist. Homer personifies this presence in nature and maintains it through the voice of the Muse, his inspiration. There is a deeper essence of a feminine presence in the poem, however, which lies in the characteristics of life itself. It is the woman who gives birth to the heroes and therefore she is the first to bring her child to life and to put him on the road to death. This biological phenomenon might seem superficially irrelevant to the fears and concerns of the masculine heroes who are most concerned with death, destiny and honor, the principle themes of the Iliad. These are of great importance to these heroes because these aspects of life will determine whethe r or not the world will remember them. Furthermore, as fame is their only path to immortality, the desire for fame after death motivates them to live honorably. It is the feminine role in nature that introduces the men to the life of the hero which instills this longing to be remembered after death, and it is, therefore, the feminine role in nature that gives purpose to human life. Homer acknowledges this effect and uses poetic devices to maintain a powerful presence of femininity throughout the poem. The feminine presence in the Iliad carries the poem like a pregnant woman carries a fetus in its final stages in the womb. Homer hints at this phenomenon through the many details of his poem that involve units of nine. As th... ...en will grow while another / dies† (6.146-149). Glaukos, the â€Å"shining son of Hippolochos,† (6. 145) makes this declaration in Book Six. The fact that Homer describes him as â€Å"the shining son of Hippolochos† indicates that his ancestors were virtuous and fortunate to have an honorable descendent to tell their stories to respectful listeners. Without a decent parentage and honorable descendents, a man’s fame will not survive his death. Men do not have the power to ensure that they will have children and grandchildren to continue their lineage; it is the woman who carries the child in her womb. A man can never be sure if his child is legitimately from his or another man’s blood line. This knowledge is a power that nature gave the woman, a power that no man can ever control. Work Cited Homer, Iliad, trans. Richard Lattimore New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1965.

Native American Vision Quest Essay

Vision Quest: A vision quest is a rite of passage in Native American cultures and more specifically the Oji-Cree. It was undertaken by a person when they reached puberty. The vision quest comprised of going to the wild for about ten days to fast. This took place either at the top of a hill or if need be a platform built in a tree. During the vision it is expected that at least one or more spirits would take pity on the individual and become his or her protector in the ordeal as well as a source of spiritual power for life. The carrying out of the vision quest was normally for males only in some Native American cultures; however for the Oji-Cree both males and females participated in this quest. During the vision fast power could be obtained and subsequently enhanced by fasting. During the course of the vision quest an individual would also receive his or her secret name from their spirit protector. The vision quest constituted for half of the spiritual rituals the Oji-Cree would undertake the other half being the shaking tent ceremony. The historical significance of this ritual was it was undertaken by individuals to provide power for themselves. Power was important as the Oji-Cree believed that power was inherent in every living thing and object, thus making it a important part of their way of life. Torah: The torah or also known as the law are the first five books of the Bible. It contains the essence of Judaism as well as ethical teachings and basic guidance. The Torah also contains the Ten Commandments which were given to the Hebrews by the Prophet Moses. The books that make up the Torah are Genesis (creation), Exodus (departure), Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. Although sometimes it may contain The Prophets and usually the Psalms and other writings however some Hebrew scholars omit the Psalms and other writings. In the Christian faith the Torah is known as the Old Testament. The Torah provides modern day Jews with a explanation of what occurred in the time of the biblical Hebrews, events such as the conquest of Canaan and the exploration into the promised land are written in the Torah. The Torah is an integral part of the Jewish faith and is a corner stone in the teaching and spreading of the Jewish faith. Complimentary religious texts include the Mishnah and Talmud. In addition to providing the Jewish faith with guidelines and commandments the Torah also allowed for the academic interpretation of Hebrew teachings. These studies and interpretations were carried out by men called Rabbis which means teacher or my master. The Torah had increased significance during the Greek occupation of Judah as it became the foundation for the law of Judah in an attempt to preserve Jewish religion. The Torah also saw translation by the hands of the Greeks later on as the Greeks were fascinated by Judaism. This translation was named the Septuagint (in Greek it was Septuaginta) which meant seventy, seventy being the number of translators needed. Qur’an: The Qur’an is the central religious text of the Muslim faith. Islamic adherents believe that the Qur’an is the verbatim word of God. It`s origins start when the Prophet of the Muslim faith Mohammed was approached by the angel Gabriel during the month of Ramadan on Mount Hira. This was a repeat experience as it happened in later points in his life. In light of the fact that he was illiterate, he recited the teachings he had heard from Gabriel and by extension God to his followers who wrote them down. Similar to the Torah and the Bible the Qur’an was a written copy of oral tradition. However while the Torah and the Bible had multiple authors, Mohammed was the sole individual who dictated the Qur’an. In Arabic the word Qur’an means reading or recitation and it is generally believed that the Qur’an was to be the final message of God to humanity, making Mohammed merely the vessel from which this was sent. The Qur’an is tremendously significant to Muslims as in their eyes it is more than just a Holy Book, they see it as divine thought in written form consisting of the very mind and essence of God being communicated through Mohammed to humanity. It is a similar concept to the Christian concept of Logos, which is the Word of God being incarnate in Jesus Christ. The Muslim equivalent of Logos would be the Qur’an. Like the Christian`s Bible and the Hebrews Torah the Qur’an provides the framework of the Muslim faith as well is integral to the carrying out of the religions tenants. The Qur’an has influenced many events across history and can be considered the finest piece of literature in the Arabic Language. Sunni: Sunni is one of the sects of Islam, the other being Shi’a . Sunni is also the majority sect in Islam. The origins of the Sunni sect are intertwined with the Shi’as’ in an event known as the Shi’sm. The origins of Shi’sm derive from the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Mohammed named Ali. Most historians believed that Ali was the first male to embrace the Prophet’s message of Islam. His adherents also believed that he was he rightful successor of the Prophet and that he had been chosen by the prophet as the political and spiritual leader of Islam. The Sunnis were the faction who did not believe that the Prophet had selected Ali to succeed him. This clash of beliefs caused a schism with Islam and saw the creation of Sunnis and Shi’ites. While this schism was centuries ago it has significant implications in the modern day setting especially in the Middle east. In Iraq a part of the current warfare which is occurring is between the two groups. While Sunnis are a majority in most of the Muslim world, Iraq is predominantly Shi’a. The President of Iraq Saddam Hussein belonged to the Sunni faction and represented the minority rule over the majority in the country. While the Sunni faction differs from the Shi’a on terms of succession and other doctrine both groups agree that Allah is one and Mohammed is his last prophet. Regarding Islam, Sunni is often referred as the orthodox version of the religion. Bhagavad Gita: The Bhagavad Gita is a 700 hundred verse Hindu scripture. It is a veda or a old sacred book of Hinduism. The Bhagavad Gita is an epic poem describing classical Hinduism and was composed approximately near the end of the pre-classical age and beginning of the classical age of Hinduism. Its writing form is as a narrative of a great battle and is a section of a larger work known as Mahabharata, which was created much earlier in time. The premise of the Bhagavad Gita is :Prior to the battle a great warrior, Ajuna hesitates to fight. His charioteer, Krishna teaches him that it is his purpose and destiny to fight. Ajuna’s charioteer turns out to be an incarnation of the god Vishnu or in Hindu culture an avatar. The Bhagavad Gita is a compilation of centuries of developing worship, mediation and thought. The text consists of developed concepts of classical Hinduism touching on several points such as the gods Vishnu and Shiva and the concepts of karma, dharma, reincarnation and cases. The dimensions of the Bhagavad Gita are 18 chapters and 700 verses found in the Mahabharata. The Bhagavad Gita was spiritually important as it served as a source of spiritual knowledge as well as serves to reveal the purpose and goal of human existence. Master K’ung: Master K’ung or more commonly known as Confucius is one of the most important Chinese philosophers. He is traditionally hailed as the father of philosophical school of Confucianism. In addition to his capacity as a philosopher Master K’ung was also traditionally known as a was a thinker, political figure and educator. Master k’ung was said to have lived from 551-479 B.  C, his teachings were transferred orally by his students, emphasizing a way of life called ren. Ren was defined as right living and was achieved through li or ethical propriety, good manners and traditional ritualistic practices. According to his teachings family was seen as the central vehicle to cultivate these attributes. Master K’ung’s thoughts became available in a book known as the Analects. Master K’ung’s journey consisted of him leaving his life behind and wandering with a band of disciples until he found internal peace. While claims are unlikely, Master K’ung is attributed with works known as the Five Classics. These classics consist of the Shu Ching or Classic of History (writings and speeches from ancient Chinese rulers), the Shih Ching or Classic of Poetry (300 poems and songs), the I Ching or Classic of Changes (the description of a divinatory system), the Ch’un Ch’iu or Spring and Autumn Annal (a history of the state of Lu from 722 to 484 BC) and the Li Ching or Classic of Rites (a group of three books on the Li the rites of propriety. In addition there was also a now lost sixth book called the Yueh Ching or Classic of Music. Maste K’ung had a tremendous legacy which effected the world, as millions around the world would apply his wisdom and thoughts even in this day and age.

Differences And Similarities Between Hip-Hop And R B

As we know Hip-Hop and RB contain many similarities they also share many differences. There are beauty and greatness in all music Hip-Hop, and RB when I listen to two these genres I tend to notice the differences and the same that they have. The two has the same and difference lyric, tone and melodies The birth of RB was created by African American in the early 1960’s from Soul music, Jazz, Gospel, Pop music and Blues as time went on RB was born. In its earlier days, RB Music was all about racial issues, and artists gave a lot of importance to the style and arrangement, which included different instruments and rhythms to produce different types of sounds. The result was live music that had catchy lyrics and was widely used in dance†¦show more content†¦In 1988 N.W.A put out the song called F*CK the Police that put out a worldwide misconception that made them the dangerous group in Hip-hop history. As a female growing up listening to hip-hop music from hearing Ol Dirty Bastard to Jay Z I can say for me hip-hop is a part of my life, so if that means that must do what they should do and that is to promote their fancy car, big booty slim thick girlfriends is a part of the Hip-Hop life then let it be then trying to bash hip-hop music. The hip-hop artist grows over time from (The Notorious B.I.G, 2 Pac, N.W.A, Wu-Tang, and Lil Kim) clan paved the way for Hip-hop artist today like Kendrick, Nicki Minaj, A boogie, Dave East. RB and hip-hop share a great deal in common, many hip-hop songs use samples from RB recordings as their foundation. RB and Hip-hop share root in African-American religious musical and community. So, people might not put hip-hop and RB songs in the same sentence, but those people are wrong. Usher Raymond IV is an American singer, songwriter that can-do RB on one album then on another album he can have people that are the Hip-Hop artist on the track and make it to a hip-hop album, you just must have the talent to know how to do both. The quality of the music depends on the type of artist. With hip-hop artists, they tend to speak on things that have impacted them in theirShow MoreRelatedPitbull Vs Malum Who Are Maluma And Pitbull, And How Did They Get Into The Music Industry1294 Words   |  6 Pagesartists that share the same genre of music, but also have their differences in other genres of music they play,but have other difference in how they got into the industry. There music is kn own for the Reggaeton, hip hop and pop. Their musical classification is different to each other. Even though they do share the same genre, they have different inspirations and connotations. Although they bear some minor similarities, the diversity between Maluma and Pitbull are evident , such as their origin, musicRead MoreEssay on Comparing Jazz and Hip-hop1457 Words   |  6 PagesComparing Jazz and Hip-hop Throughout the history of this country, the music of African-Americans has remained a strong influence upon our society and culture. Beginning with the music carried over from Africa with the slaves, up until now, with the new styles created by urban youth today, African-Americans have retained certain elements within their music which makes it unique from any other musical form. Some of the musical forms which were created from, and/or were strongly influenced byRead MoreTo What Extent Has Globalisation Influenced One or More Aspects of the Culture in Your Country? Illustrate Your Answer with Examples1945 Words   |  8 Pagesthe world in different ways. The evidence of these affects includes the expansion of Hollywood film, fast food and hip-hop music in many countries. The influence of globalisation on music is significant in China, especially for youth music. For instance, English words are used commonly in Chinese pop songs and Chinese rock and roll bands are developing; the mu sic styles of hip-hop and RB have been adopted into Chinese pop songs and have achieved success. In the first part of this essay, I will defineRead MoreThe Song Walk This Way `` By The Rock Band Aerosmith And A Cover2581 Words   |  11 Pagesothers, while at the same time early Hip Hop were starting up with artists such as Kool Herc and Grandmaster Flash. The genre stayed an underground phenomenon throughout the 1970s and fairly unpopular with the white audience of Rock and Roll, which held back its appearance in mainstream music until the mid 1980s. In this paper, I compare the differences in the arrangements of the song â€Å"Walk This Way† by the rock band Aerosmith and a cover done by the Hip Hop group Run-D.M.C, and explore the musicRead MoreEssay On Issues Involved In Planning A Tour1975 Words   |  8 PagesCurrency – Exchange Rate Current Exchange Rate as of Tuesday 3rd October 2017 1AUD – 0.79AUD Current Exchange Rate as of Tuesday 3rd October 2017 1AUD – CAD A low exchange rate from Australian to U.S dollar is an issue because there is a 22% difference between the currencies. It means that we must consider the prices of air fares, accommodations and travel in the country, in order to meet the budget for the tour. 2. 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It has been 398 years since slavery and the language has gotten stronger and stronger over time, but it s been a bump within the African-American Eras during these times. These two Eras that have caught my attention were the 90’s and the 2000’s, within the African American language in Hip Hop RB music. This topic goes beyond the artistRead MoreHistorical Precedents For The Rise Of Rock N Roll1539 Words   |  7 Pageslyrics are reinterpreted and the struggle for success and life or the â€Å"heady times† this single represented are no longer interpreted as a collective or group struggle, only a struggle of an individual with a chorus in her head. This is due to the difference of artist and choice to present the song. Sia chose to do the song as an individual rather than to do a duet or cover with multiple people to remain true to the numbers The Mamas and Papas had. 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Comparison Of Benjamin Franklin and Frederick Douglass...

Comparison Of Benjamin Franklin and Frederick Douglass America, a land with shimmering soil where golden dust flew and a days rain of money could last you through eternity. Come, You Will make it in America. That was the common theme of those who would remove to America. It is the common hymn, the classic American rags-to-riches myth, and writers such as Benjamin Franklin and Frederick Douglass had successfully embraced it in their works.Franklin and Douglass are two writers who have quite symmetrical styles and imitative chronology of events in their life narratives. They both approached their story with a rags-to-riches idea. In addition, we must realize that both Franklin and Douglass are powerful writers. In that sense, I†¦show more content†¦By this I mean that he gained improvements in areas such as literacy when he was belonged to Mr. Auld, he gained new friends when he resided with the Hughs, and most important,, he gained consciousness and courage while he was lent to a slave breaker, Mr. Covey. Little by little as Douglass gained in these assets which eventually became his tool for his departure from slavery.Another similarity between these two narrations is the assimilation of a created character by the authors themselves. The chronology and the events that happened in the lives of the authors in their narrations remained questionable. They picked the events that would only exemplify the characters that they want to portray. Thus, even though both works are autobiographical, their roles they claimed to be in their narration are exaggerated. Remember that they want to set themselves up as poor, down beaten characters at the beginning and slowly rise to power and success. For example, Franklin used descriptions such as I was dirty from my journey; my pockets were stuffd out with shirts and stockings... with a roll under each arm, and eating the other, to really give reader a sense of his conditions when he ran away. Douglass used the same approach to stress his poor conditions. The use of comparison of his slave status with farm animals and greatShow MoreRelatedThe American Dream1921 Words   |  8 Pagesexpress the necessity of change to elicit progress. He cautions that not all change is progressive, however, progress can be defined by the change it elicits. This essay analyzes and compares these components of Benjamin Franklin’s pursuit of his American dream to those of Frederick Douglass, and aims to examine how race and social circumstance factor into their struggles for both personal and natio nal liberty, and work to define their American identity. In 18th century Europe, the status you wereRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesspecialize in one or the other of what have been viewed as very different wars, Morrow not only compares the two conflicts in detail, but also approaches each war and its linkages from a thoroughly global perspective. This combination of rigorous comparison and breadth allows him to repeatedly challenge longestablished myths, provide alternatives to narrowly conceived interpretations, and offer quite an original take on the most extensively covered conflicts in human history and the decades of unprecedented

Oil Shortages And Its Effects - 1464 Words

Oil Shortages and its Effects Oil is considered as one of the most important chemical substances on earth that have greatly affected our lives. For the past years, countries have been using oil extensively since it has a lot of benefits and many uses. Oil has been used a lot in the past years, whether people were using it for personal uses such as for their cars or transportation companies using it for the sake of their vehicles. There are two types of oil conventional oil and synthetic oil, each type has its different uses. Conventional oil is a mixture of mainly pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons that are extracted from an underground reservoir and liquid at atmospheric pressure and temperature, this allows the oil to flow through a pipeline without processing. Conventional oil can be used for many things, but one of the most important uses is for a vehicle. Synthetic oil is a lubricant made up from chemical compounds which are artificial. Synthetic oil is also used for vehicles. F or the past years countries have been using conventional oil extensively and soon the world will have supply shortages of oil which will have many negative effects on our lives. Some of the effects include increased debt defaults, rising interest rates, rising unemployment, disruption of exporting oil, more recession to happen, and drop in market value of bonds. Conventional oil has been used a lot in the past decades and for many reasons, unfortunately the world is running out of conventionalShow MoreRelatedWater Pollution and Water Scarcity Essay1309 Words   |  6 Pages Water is essential for humans and organisms to live â€Å"Drinking water, â€Å"2008). Water covers most of the world and makes up more of the world than land. Water comes from different sources. Water may surround us but there are still shortages. Water allows us to live but it could be harmful to our bodies when polluted. Humans and natural disasters can cause damage to the water supply It is important to co nserve water whenever possible (â€Å"Drinking Water, â€Å"2008). Oceans make up two-thirds of the EarthRead MoreThe Cost Of Gas Prices1595 Words   |  7 PagesOil is one of the most valued products in the world—which means oil can be very inelastic. It is something that people need in order for them to keep their cars going and for many other reasons in this world. When the cost of gas drops down, the usual consumer’s response is positive, however, that might not be the case for some producers in the market. The lower cost of gas means that people will be able to save money—which is exactly what any consumers would want in the market. Specific consumersRead MoreOil Crisis : An Essential Element Of Our Modern Community1390 Words   |  6 PagesOil is an essential element to our modern community. People need oil to fill up their tanks for their car, light up their light bulbs at home, and much more. 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Ece Human Developemnt Across Lifespan Free Essays

Discuss how knowledge of theories of human development across the lifespan relates to ECE practice. 2. 1 Theories of human development across the life span are explained in terms of their relevance to New Zealand early childhood education today. We will write a custom essay sample on Ece Human Developemnt Across Lifespan or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. 2 Theories of human development across the lifespan are explained in terms of understanding of adults and children and informing and influencing ECE practice. 2. 3 Theories on human development across the lifespan are explained in terms of how they inform and influence own practice in an ECE service. Lev Vygotsky Vygotsky’s theory is the idea of Zones of Proximal Development (ZPD) â€Å"the distance between the actual development level an individual has achieved (his or her independent level of problem solving) and the level of potential development he or she could achieve with adult guidance or through collaboration with other children. † (Bredekamp, 117) In New Zealand early childhood education, they believe that the understanding of a child’s ZPD is important because it allows teachers and caregivers to scaffold appropriately in order to help children reach their full potential. Self-regulation and private speech are also important aspects of Vygotsky’s theory. He theorized that children need to master these skills in order to be successful. If children are able to master these skills, they will be able to demonstrate self-discipline and improve their executive function. The educator is a co-constructor of knowledge with the child. Instead of lecturing or direct instructions, the educator allows and guides the child to come to his or her own understanding of the material. An educator in the early childhood ecntre will aid and support the child in their own discovery and initiative through a concept called, the zone of proximal development (ZPD). The ZPD allows a child to tackle a problem that is sufficiently novel to attract and maintain a child’s attention, yet not so difficult that the solution cannot be perceived (Edwards, 2005). To expand this concept to the centre, the teacher will ‘set up’ activities for children that are just beyond the children abilities and then guide and support the children to come to a solution themselves with minimal help from the educator. Howard Gardner Howard Gardner developed the theory postulates that there are seven or more intelligences that each individual is born with and is needed to live life well (Smith, 2002, 2008). As people develop new knowledge, often these intelligences complement each other (Hatch, Gardner, 1989). In New Zealand early childhood education they believe that in Gardner’s Multi Intelligence theory, the learner is seen as an active participant in their own learning. When new knowledge is presented to the chid, the child will utilize different intelligences in order to synthesize and analyse the new information. The theory of MI properly accounts for the fact that children learn in different ways and use different cognitive capabilities to construct knowledge. It also emphasizes the importance of using a diverse curriculum in the centre that utilizes different subject areas such as music, fine arts and physical activities. For example, if a teacher extends children’s learning, he or she can show some pictures, use real things, sing a song, each method of learning in this case will appeal to the learning styles of different children. In MI theory, the adults can take a broader view of learning to include all intelligences and consequently plan and deliver activities that will allow children to learn through intelligence that they are strongest in. Taking this approach to learning, adults are able to give their children extended opportunities to construct new knowledge that makes most sense to them and can therefore be readily applied to situations. Erik Erikson Erikson developed the view that each person experiences a set of â€Å"conflicts† that need to be resolved during each of the eight stages of development, the first three stages spanning early childhood. These conflicts arise from demands made on a child by his parents of by society in general. As each conflict is resolved, the individual becomes ready to grapple with the next stage. When conflicts are unresolved, they remain issues for the individual to struggle with later in life. In New Zealand early childhood education they used Erikson’ theory as a based on theories and practices in Ece setting. For example the first three stages of psychosocial development. Stage 1: Trust versus mistrust (birth to 1 year of age). During this time, the infant struggles to develop trust in the world. Erikson felt that children learn to trust when educators and parents are nurturing, responsive and reliable. Stage 2: Autonomy versus shame and doubt (18 months to 3 years). This stage is characterized by the child’s increasing desire to discover. Educators and parents help children by understanding the child’s needs for both independence and dependence. Erikson believed that, if this fails to occur, a child will experience feelings of shame and doubt. So there, this is the stage where you teach independence, not at birth. Stage 3: Initiative versus guilt (3 to 6 years old). At this time, the child is eager to master new skills, use language to ask questions, and interact with other peers. At the same time, the child still relies on the comfort and security provided by educators and parents. If a child’s developing sense of initiative is neglected or ignored, Erikson stressed that the child’s misguided energy could result in verbal or physical aggression. Teachers who apply psychosocial development in the classroom create an environment where each child feels appreciated and is comfortable with learning new things and building relationships with peers without fear† (Tamara , 2010, para. 1). In New Zealand Early Childhood education one of their goals is from Te Whariki curriculum Strand 2 that they implement in the every centre, the belonging where children experience an environment where they know they have a pl ace and feel comfortable with the routines, custom, and regular events. Educator encourage initiative in young children, they believe that children should be given a great deal freedom to explore their world. They should be allowed to choose some of the activities they engage. If their request for doing certain activities is reasonable, the request should be honoured and they provide exciting materials that will stimulate and extend their imagination. How to cite Ece Human Developemnt Across Lifespan, Papers

Case study-Gianna Replacement Surgery

Question: Discuss about the Case study for Gianna of Replacement Surgery . Answer: 1: Gianna was suffering from osteoporosis and had to undergo total hip replacement surgery due to fracture of the hip. The hip is the largest weight-bearing ball and socket type joint present at the juncture of leg and pelvis. The ligament attached to the joint is lubricated by synovial fluid and provides stability to the joint. Synovial fluid allows flexing of joints without getting weared away and allows movement without pain. The problem in the hip may be caused by osteoporosis, fracture, dislocation, bursitis and bone tumor. The regulation of pro-inflammatory pathway and the homeostatic mechanism fails in patient with severe osteolysis (Gallo et al., 2013). Osteoporosis is a medical condition in which the density and quality of bone are reduced. Bone becomes porous, brittle and fragile due to loss of tissue due to hormonal change or deficiency of Vitamin D. The primary reasons for which a person develops osteoporosis includes high rate of bone loss at the time of achieving peak bone mass and poor acquisition of bone mass during maturity. This mechanism may be influenced by environmental and genetic factors (Armas Recker, 2012). 50% of bone mass accumulates during pubertal development, and other additional accumulation takes place in the adult maturity period. As peak bone mass is achieved during the maturity period of life, some may have a problem in accumulation due to genetic factors. The genes responsible for osteoporosis are genes for estrogen receptor, transforming growth factor , collagen and apolipoprotein E (Ralston de Crombrugghe, 2006). Bone loss is also triggered by environmental factors like nutrition, behavior, and medica tions. Vitamin D aids in calcium absorption and facilitates development of bone mineral. A person who has taken low dose of calcium in childhood is vulnerable to fracture in later part of his/her life. Behavioral activities like smoking and alcohol consumption also accelerated bone loss and have an effect on peak bone mass development (Drake et al., 2015). Fractured joints can be treated by hip replacement surgery or hip arthroplasty. The type of surgery depends on the patients age, level of physical mobility, location of fracture, mental strength and condition of hip and joint. Internal fixation is done by using devices like rods, plates, screws and pins to hold the bone in place. This treatment is given when fractures occur in the extracapsular or intracapsular region of hip joint (Mller et al., 2012).Hemiarthroplasty is suggested in older patients who have already lost their mobility prior to fracture and when fractures occur inside the socket of the hip joint (Olsen et al., 2014). Total hip replacement surgery is also a treatment procedure required in those patients whose hip joint has been damaged by osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. The purpose of this treatment is to relieve pain, improve the function of hip and increase mobility. Total hip replacement surgery involves replacing acetabulum with an artificial prosthesis an d replacing the proximal femur with the artificial stem to enhance mobility in patients (Ellman Levine, 2013). 2: According to the case study Gianna Rossi was a seventy nine years old lady who have undergone a total hip replacement or arthroplasty since x-ray has revealed a fracture on her left leg which resulted from osteoporosis. Post her surgery she was shifted to the post anesthetic recovery room (PARU). At this stage she was almost unconscious and on wakening up she was under tremendous pain. The surgery and the anesthesia have effected three physiological functions of Gianna. First of all the ventilation was affected due o her anesthesia followed by her surgery. Her signs reflect that her respiration was 10 and the oxygen saturation was 93%. Most often general anesthetics modifies the rate of breathing in individual. According to Roz et al. (2015), opioid as an anesthetic has impact on the control of respiration rate. In terms of Gianna, the use of opioid as an anesthetic lowered the respiration in her. The use of Morphine due to her pain aced as a pain suppressor through the process of respiratory depression. Before the discharge from the Post anaesthetic recovery room (PARU) her signs reflected her pulse as 110, temperature as 36 degree centigrade and blood pressure as 95 / 50. Moreover, her blood loss during her surgery was estimated as 1700mls. The effect of opioid and anesthetic during surgery has many affects on the circulation process as well. The use of opioid or anesthetic makes the heart rate either fast or slow. In this case Giannas pulse rate increased above the normal value, that is 110 after the surgery. As stated by Brennan (2013), Morphine which is an opioid was used to relief her pain due to operation might cause fluctuations in her heart rate. Moreover, due to the blood loss during the surgery the blood pressure of the patient resulted in lowering of the blood pressure. In case of Gianna the blood pressure accounted to 95 /50. Use of opioid may develop postural hypotension or severe fall of the pressure on lying position or sitting up. At first Gianna was administered for two hours, she was given oxygen for 6L per minute with the help of Hudson mask. The main features shown by her at that time are: the temperature of her body was thirty six degree centigrade, her pulse rate was 110, blood pressure 95 / 50 , respiration was 10 and oxygen saturation of her body was 93%. A foam abduction pillow was provided to her between her legs. When she woke up she was not in her full consciousness. But she was still complaining about the pain. In order to relief her from the pain she was administered with 5 mg of Morphine which was beneficial to her. Due to the consumption of Morphine she slept for some more time. After Morphine was monitored to Gianna she was transferred to the orthopedic ward. According to Whitehead et al. (2015), the main use of any anaesthetic is to depress the central nervous system. In case of Gianna, the hip replacement surgery required generalized anaesthesia which ultimately made her unconscious complete by affection the sense organs. Addition to this the use of Morphine after Gianna got back her consciousness, lead to dizziness and hallucination. This made her feel sleep again. Opioids have multiple inhibitory affects in terms of the cerebral activity. Opioids are usually believed to augment sleep but there is little evidence to support this belief. In case of Gianna use of anaesthic, loss of blood during surgery and use of Morphine has resulted in abnormalities with regards to ventilation, circulation and consciousness. The result of vital sign assessment showed that it is the affect of the surgery and anesthetic drug on patient (Whitehead et al., 2015). 3: Gianna has undergone hip replacement surgery following fracture of her left hip. After hip replacement surgery she was shifted to the PARU. At that time Gianna was sleepy and difficult to arouse. A redivac drain and indwelling urinary catheter were fixed to the patient in situ. At that point, her pulse rate was a little high and blood pressure was extremely low. She had acute pain then. After transfer to the orthopedic ward, she was eating well, but she required assistance with her daily activities (ADLs). The patient was worried about her loss of independence post the surgery. Currently, she is mobilizing using a four-wheeled walker, and her pain is managed by medications like Paracetamol and Tramadol. The discharge plan of the patient is based on her current condition of pain and morbidity present post surgery. The discharge plan for Gianna are as follows: Gianna needs to put the dry dressing on hip incision once or twice a day. It will help to clean the drainage that occurs from wound. If the drainage continues even after dressing, Gianna must immediately pay a follow up visit. Till the dry dressing is in place, Gianna cannot apply ointment in the incision area for about 6-7 weeks (Choi et al., 2016). Make sure that the stitches are in place and patient should get it removed by medical staff after two weeks of discharge (Garson et al., 2014). Support or wheelchair is necessary for Gianna for six weeks after discharge even if she can mobilize. This will minimize the risk of falling and allow the bone to grow into replaced components of the hip (Choi et al., 2016). It is necessary for Gianna to put a pillow between her leg while sleeping for the first six weeks. It would be better if Gianna sleeps on her right side as she had undergone hip replacement surgery on her left side (Garson et al., 2014). While taking shower Gianna must pat dry the surgery wounds after bath and avoid soaking it in bath tub for one-two months. Gianna should also not take bath during for 4 days after discharge (Garson et al., 2014). To manage her medication, Tramadol and Paracetamol medication has been prescribed to Gianna. It will help manage her pain. However, Vazzana et al., (2015) suggest avoiding this medicine if Gianna suffers from breathing problems or if she uses narcotic drugs. It has been found that there maximum chance of seizure due to this medication in those patients who has epilepsy disorder or those who takes medicine for migraine, muscle spasm, and depression. Gianna might also suffer breathing problems, so she must discontinue this medication in she faced this kind of difficulty. Gianna is advised not to drive and wear compression stockings to prevent the blood clot. It is also necessary for Gianna to consult a physiotherapist and attend his sessions to learn to manage daily life activities independently at home. Physical therapy Controlled exercise and physical therapy will be beneficial to strengthen hip muscles and prevent contractures. This session will also help Gianna to learn management of activities post surgery (Westby et al., 2014). Reference Armas, L. A., Recker, R. R. (2012). Pathophysiology of osteoporosis: new mechanistic insights.Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America,41(3), 475-486. Brennan, M. J. (2013). 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Effect of flumazenil on diaphragm electrical activation during weaning from mechanical ventilation after acute respiratory distress syndrome.British journal of anaesthesia,114(2), 269-275. Vazzana, M., Andreani, T., Fangueiro, J., Faggio, C., Silva, C., Santini, A., ... Souto, E. B. (2015). Tramadol hydrochloride: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, adverse side effects, co-administration of drugs and new drug delivery systems.Biomedicine Pharmacotherapy,70, 234-238. Westby, M. D., Brittain, A., Backman, C. L. (2014). Expert consensus on best practices for postacute rehabilitation after total hip and knee arthroplasty: a Canada and United States Delphi study.Arthritis care research,66(3), 411-423. Whitehead, R. A., Schwarz, S. K., Asiri, Y. I., Fung, T., Puil, E., MacLeod, B. A. (2015). 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